ByHANNA ZIADY

The European Commission has finedVolkswagen Groupand BMW $1 billion for colluding with Daimler to hold back the development of technology that could havereduced harmful emissionsfrom their vehicles.

In astatementon Thursday, the Commission said the threeGerman carmakers, along with Volkswagen subsidiaries Audi and Porsche, breached EU antitrust rules by agreeing to avoid competing on technical development in the area ofnitrogen oxide cleaning.

The charges relate to conduct that took place between 2009 and 2014, when the carmakers held "regular technical meetings" to discuss the development of technology that eliminates harmful nitrogen-oxide emissions from diesel passenger cars, according to the Commission.

"The five car manufacturers Daimler, BMW, Volkswagen, Audi and Porsche possessed the technology to reduce harmful emissions beyond what was legally required under EU emission standards. But they avoided to compete on using this technology's full potential to clean better than what is required by law," the EU Commission's top antitrust official, Margrethe Vestager, said in the statement.

"In today's world, polluting less is an important characteristic of any car. And this cartel aimed at restricting competition on this key competition parameter," she added

Volkswagen (VLKAF), including its Audi and Porsche brands, was fined €502 million ($595 million) and BMW (BMWYY) was fined €373 million ($442 million). Daimler (DDAIF) was not fined because it revealed the existence of the cartel, the Commission said.

Volkswagen said it was considering whether to appeal the ruling, which it suggested set a questionable precedent.

"The Commission is breaking new legal ground with this decision, because it is the first time it has prosecuted technical cooperation as an antitrust violation," the company said in a statement. "It is also imposing fines even though the contents of the talks were never implemented and customers were therefore never harmed," it added.

Europe's largest automaker said that Commission guidelines on technical cooperation agreements between carmakers "no longer do justice to the complex challenges facing the automotive industry" and need to be updated.

In a statement, BMW said that the Commission had "dropped most of its charges of antitrust violations" and cleared the carmaker of suspicion of using "prohibited defeat devices" to cheat on emissions tests. "This underlines that there has never been any allegation of unlawful manipulation of emission control systems by the BMW Group," the company added.

In 2015 Volkswagen admitted to rigging millions of diesel engines to make their emissions appear less toxic in tests than they actually were. The scandal set off years of investigations, fines and settlements that have cost the carmaker at least $39 billion and sullied its reputation.

Last month, Volkswagen's former CEO Martin Winterkorn agreed to pay the company nearly $14 million after an investigation found he failed to respond properly to signs that the company may have been using illegal diesel engine technology. (Adapted from CNN)