Nigeria is on a mission to strengthen its air defence and radar capabilities, a move driven by the growing need to protect its airspace from modern threats. The country’s Military Total Radar Coverage of Nigeria (MTRACON) initiative lies at the core of this effort, aiming to modernise radar systems and enhance air surveillance and security. With ageing equipment struggling to keep pace with contemporary challenges like high-speed cruise missiles and stealthy unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), Nigeria is turning to international expertise to bolster its defences. Four companies—Leonardo from Italy, Rheinmetall from Germany, Norinco from China, and Indra from Spain—are competing to secure this lucrative contract, each bringing a distinct approach to the table.

The push for modernisation stems from Nigeria’s recognition that its current air defence systems, such as the Roland II and ZSU-23-4 Shilka, are outdated and inadequate against today’s aerial threats. These vulnerabilities, coupled with internal security challenges like insurgencies and external risks to critical infrastructure, have made the MTRACON project a priority. The Nigerian military is not just looking for equipment; it wants a comprehensive solution that includes early warning, target acquisition, and battlefield surveillance to improve situational awareness and safeguard its borders. This urgency has drawn the attention of global defence firms eager to partner with Nigeria in this transformative endeavour.

Leonardo, an Italian defence giant, is pitching its RAT 31DL/M radar, a tactical long-range system designed to meet NATO standards. Operating in the L-Band, this radar excels at detecting aircraft and missiles, making it a strong contender for Nigeria’s needs. It belongs to Leonardo’s RAT 31 family, a lineup with a proven track record, having been delivered to several countries, including NATO members. The RAT 31DL/M is a solid-state radar equipped with an Active Electronically Scanning Array (AESA) antenna, which allows it to generate multiple simultaneous beams. This capability enables the radar to track numerous targets at once, even in adverse weather or under electronic jamming conditions. The system also features a secondary radar for Identification Friend or Foe (IFF), a critical tool for distinguishing between friendly and hostile aircraft.

What sets the RAT 31DL/M apart is its adaptability. Housed in two 20-foot ISO containers, it can be transported on commercial trucks and deployed in remote areas without specialised equipment. An auxiliary power generator ensures at least 24 hours of autonomy, adding to its operational flexibility. Leonardo emphasises the radar’s reliability, thanks to its solid-state technology and graceful degradation characteristics, meaning it can continue functioning even if parts fail. The company is also banking on its prior relationship with Nigeria, having supplied helicopters and fighter jets in the past, hoping this familiarity will tip the scales in its favour.

Meanwhile, Indra, a Spanish technology and consulting firm, is positioning itself as a versatile partner with a foothold in Nigeria’s air traffic management and surveillance sectors. In July 2024, a high-level Nigerian delegation, including the Minister of Defence, Mohammed Badaru Abubakar, and the Minister of Aviation and Aerospace Development, Festus Keyamo, visited Indra’s facilities in Spain. The three-day visit focused on advancing Nigeria’s airspace capabilities through dual-use technology—systems that serve both civilian and military purposes. This approach aligns with Nigeria’s broader goals of improving air navigation and security while strengthening its defence posture.

During the visit, Indra showcased its latest equipment, including air traffic control systems, voice communication tools, and radar and counter-UAV solutions. The delegation, which also included the Chief of Air Staff, Air Marshal Hassan Bala Abubakar, toured Indra’s headquarters, simulator factory, and defence facilities, gaining a firsthand look at the company’s offerings. Indra’s CEO, Jose Vicente de los Mozos, and senior executives welcomed the group, emphasising their commitment to supporting Nigeria’s ambitions. The company’s pitch likely centres on its ability to deliver integrated solutions that address both immediate military needs and long-term civilian benefits, a compelling proposition for a country seeking sustainable progress.

On the other side of the competition, China’s Norinco is making a bold play, leveraging its growing influence in Africa’s defence market. In April 2025, Air Marshal Hasan Bala Abubakar travelled to China for a five-day visit, touring cities like Beijing, Hefei, Nanjing, and Xi’an. The trip included engagements with Norinco and China Electronics Technology Group Corporation (CETC), where Nigerian officials received briefings on advanced radar systems, air defence capabilities, and command and control technologies. Demonstrations of the Sky Dragon Weapon System, a surface-to-air missile platform, and High Energy Laser Counter-UAV systems showcased Norinco’s cutting-edge offerings.

Norinco’s involvement extends beyond hardware. The company is deeply engaged in discussions about the MTRACON initiative, proposing a comprehensive package that includes radar and air defence infrastructure. On March 18, a senior Norinco delegation visited Abuja, welcomed by Nigeria’s Minister of State for Defence, Dr. Bello Matawalle, who framed the partnership as a step toward self-reliance in defence production. Norinco is also offering talent development and the establishment of a Radar Maintenance and Research Facility in Nigeria, signalling a long-term commitment. This holistic approach, combined with China’s aggressive push to expand its defence footprint in Africa, makes Norinco a formidable contender.

Germany’s Rheinmetall, meanwhile, is focusing on Nigeria’s immediate air defence needs with its Skyguard 3 system. Late last year, Rheinmetall’s sales teams visited Abuja, meeting with key figures like Minister of Defence Badaru Abubakar and Chief of Defence Staff General Christopher Musa. The Skyguard 3, the third generation of Rheinmetall’s air defence product line, is designed to protect critical assets like airfields, bridges, and command centres. Equipped with two 35mm Oerlikon Twin Gun GDF009 cannons, it can counter a wide range of threats, including cruise missiles, aircraft, helicopters, and UAVs, even those with small radar cross-sections.

Rheinmetall positions the Skyguard 3 as a direct solution to Nigeria’s ageing air defence platforms, which struggle against modern threats. The company’s discussions with Nigerian officials also touched on broader defence needs, including ammunition supplies like 40mm anti-aircraft artillery and 155mm rounds, in collaboration with Nigeria’s Defence Industries Corporation (DICON). By addressing both short-term gaps and long-term modernisation, Rheinmetall aims to appeal to Nigeria’s pressing security priorities.

Nigeria’s current efforts build on recent steps to improve its radar coverage. In 2023, the country acquired nine RPA-200MC mobile 3D primary radars from Argentina’s INVAP, facilitated by Jampur International FZE from the UAE. The first radar arrived via an Argentine Air Force C-130 and was received by the Minister of Aviation, Hadi Sirika, and the Argentine ambassador, Alejandro Herrero. These radars, destined for cities like Maiduguri, Abuja, Kano, and Lagos, are part of the Total Radar Coverage of Nigeria (TRACON) program, which complements the military-focused MTRACON initiative. This prior investment shows Nigeria’s determination to upgrade its capabilities, setting the stage for the current competition.

Each company brings a unique strength to the table. Leonardo’s RAT 31DL/M offers NATO-approved reliability and a battle-tested design, bolstered by its existing ties with Nigeria. Indra’s dual-use technology promises versatility, appealing to Nigeria’s civil and military aspirations. Norinco’s comprehensive package, including advanced systems like the Sky Dragon and long-term support, reflects China’s strategic interest in Africa. Rheinmetall’s Skyguard 3 targets Nigeria’s urgent need for modern air defence, offering a practical fix for immediate vulnerabilities.

The decision Nigeria faces is complex, balancing technical capabilities, cost, and strategic partnerships. The country must consider not only the performance of these systems but also the potential for technology transfer and local capacity building. Leonardo’s familiarity, Indra’s integrated solutions, Norinco’s all-encompassing vision, and Rheinmetall’s focus on current gaps all factor into the equation. Beyond the equipment itself, Nigeria is weighing the broader implications of aligning with Italy, Spain, China, or Germany, each of which brings its geopolitical weight.

As Nigeria evaluates its options, the stakes are clear. Modernising its radar and air defence systems is not just about replacing old hardware—it’s about securing the nation’s airspace and asserting sovereignty in an increasingly volatile world. The competition among Leonardo, Indra, Norinco, and Rheinmetall reflects the high value of this contract, both financially and strategically. Whichever company emerges victorious, the outcome will shape Nigeria’s defence landscape for decades, marking a pivotal moment in its journey toward greater security and self-reliance. (Military Africa)

• PHOTO: Military radars provide early warning, target acquisition, and battlefield surveillance, enhancing situational awareness and defence capabilities. (Image by Military Africa staff)