Chief Olusegun Osunkeye has a rich profile. An accomplished captain of industry, Osunkeye occupied top offices at blue chip companies in Nigeria including West Africa Portland Cement, WAPCO, where he was the Company Secretary/Accountant from 1969 to 1972, GlaxoSmithKline (GSK) and Nestlé. He retired from executive positions in 1999 but was recalled from retirement and he became the Chairman of Nestlé. This was immediately followed with his appointment as Chairman of GSK. That is not all. WAPCO, which he had left as Company Secretary/Accountant decades earlier, recalled him and made him a Director. Osunkeye attributes all he has been able to achieve in life to the attention he paid to integrity. The elder statesman, who has just been nominated for Vanguards Life Achievement 2023, fielded questions from the Vanguard team which presented the award letter to him at his Ikeja GRA office. He spoke on his ascendancy in the corporate world, life at WAPCO, GSK and Nestle as well as the economic crisis in Nigeria. Excerpts:

Vanguard Award

I want to welcome you all here because Vanguard has reputation. It is one of the papers I sometimes read (I confess not every time). I was reading it every time but I had to cut down on the number of newspapers because I would buy three or four papers, yet I struggled to read them all every day. However, anytime I read Vanguard, I enjoy all its features. For over two decades, I have been reading it with my friend who was there at that time. We were together. While I was at Nestlé, he was at Vanguard. Since then, we have been great friends. I want to say that Vanguard has been tenacious over the years, defending human rights, pointing out economic mistakes which are a constant malaise in our country.

State of economy

Whatever is being said currently about the economy has happened before and we saw it, including the import licence in 1980, which I remember because I was a member of the committee that represented the private sector. Then, the secretariat was still at the Federal Secretariat Ikoyi. I remember it vividly. When the licence import committee was started, one had to get an import licence. When one got it, one had to take it to the bank for foreign exchange before importation could be done. All those problems, which led to the Structural Adjustment Programme, SAP, in 1986, are still with us today in one form or the other and that include scarcity of foreign exchange. With SAP in 1986, one dollar became N4.2 or N4.86 and one pound was N7. That time, some peoples money multiplied because they had some foreign exchange. Although we thought things would be better, that was the beginning of the problem. Today, the dollar is now almost N2, 000. Can you see how far we have gone? May the Lord save us.

Philosophy about life

I want to thank Vanguard for this. I dont know why I have been chosen, but from what you have said, I am very happy that you find me fit for the award. I thank God because being alive and relevant is by His grace. You have made me relevant in 2024 by saying that man deserves an award. I retired from executive functions in 1999. It was after retirement that I became the Chairman of Nestlé. It was immediately followed with Chairman of GlaxoSmithKline, GSK. What makes me happy and I give glory to God is that from 1969 to 1972, I was the Company Secretary/Accountant of West Africa Portland Cement, WAPCO, at 40 Marina at the time. We rented the third and fourth floors of Barclays Bank building. I resigned from there to Nestlé where I did 27 years and retired. To be called back by WAPCO to become a Director gives me joy. In fact, they called me to London where I was appointed a Director. The point I want to make which I tell people is that, preserve your name; preserve your integrity. I was known by the 27 years I did in Nestlé, but I was at Portland Cement which recalled me after my career to become a Director. If I had soiled my hands, they wouldnt have called me back. Those are the little things that give me joy and I give glory to God. It may be slow, but maintain your integrity. Happiness and good health are more than anything. If you have good health and you are happy, every other thing is secondary.

How do you feel about GSK leaving Nigeria?

I feel sad that they are leaving because I have been part and parcel of GSK for many years. GSK and Nestlé were almost opposite each other at Ilupeju Industrial Avenue, Lagos. When they were coming to set up in 1972, I was already at Nestlé. They came as Beecham Limited; Beecham became SmithKline Beecham and later Glaxo. They were merging and it later became GlaxoSmithKline. It is sad because it is a good company. At a time, it was the number two pharmaceutical company in Europe. They came to set up, we had a factory in Agbara, and everything was promising, but the economy (downturn) set in. I remember Macleans. We brought Macleans to Nigeria. In fact, we asked the then President Olusegun Obasanjo to come and commission the factory in Agbara.

He sent one Adebayo who was a Minister at that time. I remember that we told the Research Department about vaccination against malaria and cervical cancer. It was during the visit that we wanted to open Macleans, so we went to Abuja to see the President, who received us very well. When he heard that we were going to produce vaccines, not in Nigeria but by Glaxo abroad, he promised that if the vaccines were ready before the end of his tenure, he would make sure every child under five years was vaccinated in Nigeria.

He gave that promise, but it never happened. It only happened in the last two years. It is because of the economy in Nigeria and the harsh business environment that many businesses do not want to invest. Foreign exchange is one, corruption is another; inconsistent policies are another and judicial pronouncements “ when you are not sure that the judiciary can be fair when there is an agreement dispute. All these bother foreign companies and Nigerian companies, but Nigerian companies have nowhere to go, so they stay here. Foreign companies have a choice.

They came because Nigeria clamoured for industrialisation. The environment then was good in the 60s, 70s and so on. When it is no longer there, they have no choice but to leave. Nigerian companies still stay and are suffering. The business environment is harsh. There is inconsistency of policies, bureaucracy, corruption and all that. I am not saying that the foreign companies do not have their fault, they do. Procter and Gamble left, I have my own views about that. If Procter and Gamble had taken the long term view, they would have known that they could do backward integration for cotton because cotton is the main thing for their products. But they didnt do that. They threw up a factory of 300 million dollars in Agbara, and we applauded them for that. However, they should have gone to farmers, like the Nigeria Tobacco Company did in those days, and began to plant tobacco. Also with their expertise, refine the cotton through research to meet the things they needed. This is where Nestlé was different. Nestlé is a prime example because they have invested in backward integration; they are resilient, well on the ground and profitable.

The raw materials were imported before, but with people like me being in Nigeria, I was hammering on the need to do backward integration every year when we were doing long-term plans “ five or 10 years. Because I am a Nigerian, I know the benefits. If I was an expatriate, I wouldnt have the same passion. Fortunately, they listened because it was mutual self-interest. When I say mutual, it means as they benefit, Nigeria benefits. I am not only an industrialist; I am an accomplished commercial farmer because Nestlé started a subsidiary company and said you run this subsidiary company.

The reason for the subsidiary company is to get raw materials “ Agro-allied Development Company Nigeria Limited. While we looked for land between Kaduna and Abuja, we found 2,000 hectares which took us 18 months to clear. Out of the 2,000 hectares, we finally did only 900 hectares. Before planting anything, there was a need to make roads to take machines there. Then we started asking questions: Where do we get the labourers? We had to go to Kaduna to get labourers. How did we get them from Kaduna to the farm? We had to look for trailers and assemble the labourers because they came from diverse places. These were part of the problems we faced. When they also worked for one or two hours, they would say they were tired and they wanted to return back to town.

When they got paid weekly, they wouldnt come again. Those were the problems. Agriculture is more difficult than manufacturing because in manufacturing, one can predict. Are the raw materials ready? Are the machines cleaned? Are they well-tuned? Once there are answers to these questions, one can start producing the next day. In agriculture, it is not so. I give you two instances. First, we planted, I think it was the first year. Somebody wanted to kill a rabbit somewhere and I think it went into the hole; to smoke the rabbit out, the person made a fire and set the whole farm on fire. One year effort was gone. The following year, drought came, which was too much. A year after, it was too much rain.

The three things we were planting were maize, sorghum and soybeans. Eventually, it didnt work out well. At the time we started the farm, we were training about 100, but 70 turned up eventually and we showed them the best practice “ when to plant, how to plant and where to plant. They were supplementing us, but we were still importing some of the things until we could get enough supply. When all these costs were put together, it was unprofitable for us. This is where the difference is. Nestlé didnt give up. We trained 70 as farmers and we were buying from them, so they now became our own suppliers. We sold that farm to somebody in the North. I dont know whether it still exists there. When we sold it, we had enough Nigerians all over. Today, Nestlé is drawing supplies from over 40, 000 farmers and it is going to be continuous. When we started, Nestlé abroad had to close two factories because our Maggi cube in Nigeria was a big market. Before, we used a raw material called max which was like powder.

It made for employment in Europe, so when we now began to use our own local raw materials and we didnt need any from them, Nestlé had to close (two factories) and they had union problems. Nestlé persevered and I must thank Nestlé because it is a serious company that is committed. During apartheid, they said all the foreign companies should leave (South Africa) as a way of punishment, Nestlé said, no, before apartheid, we were here and after apartheid, we will be here. And so it is with Nigeria. They will not leave if you allow them to run the company. In terms of communism, they left one or two countries because they nationalised the companies of Nestlé, so they left and that was why at that time, they changed the name not only in Nigeria to Food Specialities because they said they wouldnt allow them take the Nestlé brand, the name, even if they seized the company. In the developing world, it was Food Specialities.

For instance, it was Food Specialities Nigeria, Food Specialties Ghana, Food Specialities Kenya because they didnt want Nestlés name to be taken over. When communism began to subside again, they allowed us to change our name back to Nestlé. When we changed and were using local raw materials, Nestlé had the research facilities to help us. Maggi cube is basically locust beans fermented. When we converted to using soybean, the first product of Maggi at that time, even if you were half a mile away, you could smell it. Even in the factory, if you were driving by, you could smell it. With continuous research, it was refined and accepted. That same soybean is to be found in many products. When I was in Malaysia, soybean was used as milk. We wanted to introduce it here but it didnt work out well. It can also be used for Cerelac, Golden Morn and maize. Carbohydrates nutrition plus soybean protein makes for fantastic nutrition. In Nigeria, Golden Morn was born out of necessity. We were fighting with our backs to the wall “ either declared redundancy or machines were idle. We asked: What shall we produce? People sat down and brainstormed that let us use what we have in Nigeria, maize-soybean to produce something like cornflakes.

Thanks again to the research facilities. We started and it took five years before we could make profit. We have serious companies like Nigerian Breweries, Guinness and so on. I hope they are still using sorghum because we, Nestlé, use sorghum. Before that, it was malt extract which was imported. In 1989 or so, we started using sorghum. Sorghum gets to a stage that when you are passing, you will think beer is being brewed. We save a lot of foreign exchange. Most of our products, we source them locally. That is what brought the resilience and continuous profitability over the years. Of course in order to expand more, we were also now importing Nescafé which we couldnt produce in Nigeria, but from Ivory Coast because they were doing farming. At that time, Ivory Coast was producing 300,000 tonnes of coffee beans. When we wanted to do Nescafé in Nigeria, I did a survey. The total coffee produced in Nigeria was not up to 15,000 tonnes. Yet, we needed at least 20,000 tonnes of coffee to have a small Nescafé company which we couldnt get. So, we had to import.

What lessons can government draw from these experiences at Nestle?

They have to be serious. They have to put in passionate people who can see the big picture. It is not easy. Like farming, we absorbed a lot of losses. Farming is more difficult than manufacturing, but food security is paramount. A nation must be able to feed itself. If you have enough maize, sorghum and what have you, factories will take what they need and other people will use what they need too. Government needs to make sure we are an agro-allied based country. What I will advise is for every state to produce something that gives them comparative advantage “ the 36 states.

There must be something they can produce; then government must show seriousness and commitment. I will say the governors should demonstrate it too by going to the farm with them. And thats what Governor Bagu wanted to do. While I was applauding him, some people abused him. When people see it, they will give agriculture a pride of place. Kenyatta during his time gave farmers a pride of place. People were happy and proud. Agriculture should take a pride of place in Nigeria. While enough money should be voted for agriculture, there should be human resources as well or technical manpower.

Those people will be the one to drive the tractors, just as there will be those who will maintain it to keep the life going. At the time they talked about Operation Feed Nation, Ogun State gave people some land for farming and I had five hectares or something. I went to Obasanjo, who told me that one tractor can handle about 40 hectares. In our circumstance, we can use small hectares and farmers will have the certainty that the produce can be taken off them. Also pay the farmers immediately, no credit.

On concession for FX

Everybody is looking out for its own turf. Manufacturers want concessions for FX, even those who are going for hajj. The ultimate answer is the supply of FX. We should look at the supply side for now, and we should now prioritise. The sins of our omission of the past are now catching up with us. Supply is the only way to get out of it. Another radical answer is this: When India was in this kind of situation sometime ago, they asked their people to come and deposit their gold. However, to be able to say that as a leader, you must have shown comportment in character and preaching overtime. Trust must be there.

How Nigeria got into economic mess

My own feeling is that this situation started around 1973 after the Arab-Israeli wars. That shot up the price of oil I think by four times. Because we are an oil producing country, our reserves became four fold or so. And that was why the former military head of state, General Yakubu Gowon, said our problem was not money, but how to spend it. People abandoned the land, agriculture which was the mainstay. We fought a civil war without taking any loan through good and prudent management. As our oil reserve ballooned, people did not see the need to toil on land, they abandoned it. We also had rural to urban migration. The various farm settlements in the east and south were abandoned. In 1974 or 1975, when 12 months salary arrears were given, peoples purchasing power quadrupled.

That was the beginning. Before then, we didnt have generators in our houses. Suddenly, people bought air conditioners and generators. The plans for electricity were shelved because of sudden pseudo-prosperity and then we never regained it.

At that time, we were about three thousand megawatts. By now, we should be over 45,000 megawatts because I think Iran and Malaysia, who were with us at 3,000, now have over 45,000. In those days, there were development plans by government and it was followed. (Sunday vanguard)